The National Centre for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (NC-PTSD) defines PFA as a “flexible, strengths-based approach to helping people affected by disaster and mass violence. It was designed for those with higher exposure to loss and trauma or who are experiencing distress.”

“The aim of PFA is to reduce distress, foster short- and long-term adaptive functioning, and link distressed or at-risk survivors with additional services.”

The pathway of change for Psychological First Aid (PFA) begins with creating a sense of safety and stabilizing the individual by removing them from distressing situations and ensuring their physical and emotional security. This is followed by emotional stabilization, where techniques like deep breathing and calm reassurance help reduce immediate stress and anxiety. As the person begins to feel more in control, fostering self-efficacy becomes key—encouraging them to participate in their own recovery by recognizing their strengths and choices. Finally, building social support through connection with loved ones or others in their environment helps reinforce resilience. Throughout this process, the individual transitions from a state of overwhelming distress to one of greater emotional regulation, empowerment, and social connectedness, ultimately promoting recovery and long-term well-being.

The risk of harm is low but not zero, particularly if the tools are applied poorly